China’s dominance in the critical minerals supply chain: Consequences and challenges

China’s long-term policies have given it a dominant position in the mineral supply chain. Reducing dependency on China creates challenges for the green transition and risks for Norway’s defense industry. The US and EU have implemented strategies to reduce dependence on China, while China is willing to impose tit-for-tat export controls, stockpiles mineral reserves and is diversifying its supply.

FNI Policy Brief 1/2025, Fridtjof Nansen Institute